Window handles are a simple and essential piece of hardware which installers must be familiar with, but generations of locking hardware development, stylistic changes and the evolution of window manufacturing itself have resulted in huge variations in how handles look, how they work, and what constitutes the correct handle for a given application. Here we have provided some information that should help explain the different handle types commonly found around the UK and assist with selecting an appropriate replacement unit for your requirements.
Espag Window Handles
One of the most popular locking systems in general use on modern uPVC and aluminium windows is the Espagnolette, or ‘Espag’ system. In the context of window systems, an Espag is a concealed rail, which is driven by a central gearbox. The rail features locking points in the form of sliding cams, rollers or mushrooms, or in some cases tongue hooks or shootbolts.
The Espag sits within the profile of the window sash, and the handle operates it by connecting with it by way of a spindle (usually 7mm square) which inserts into the follower on the Espag to allow it to drive the rail and operate the locking points. Espags may be one piece or made up of several connected sections, including a central gearbox and separate extensions for the locking elements.
Standard Design and Compatibility Features of Espag Handles
Some Espags feature a gearbox which sits centrally on the rail, whilst others, known as reach Espags, may have a gearbox which sits further to one end of the mechanism, allowing for the handle to sit lower down relative to the overall height of the window (to allow users to reach the handle if the window is fitted high up or is particularly tall).
Regardless of the brand, model and type of Espag in use, the handles generally share the same basic characteristics:
2 x fixing screw fixings (typically M5 machine screws spaced 43mm apart)
7mm square spindle of a length determined by how far back inside the profile the Espag sits from the face of the window
Espag handles are usually available in both non-handed and handed forms. Non-handed Espag handles feature a straight lever handle which sits on the same axis as the mounting plate and pivot point (spindle). They are therefore described as being Inline handles.
Offset Window Handles
Other handles feature a cranked or Offset lever handle which sits to one side of the mounting plate or spindle on a different axis and is, therefore, handed.
The handing of an Offset Espag handle is determined by the direction the window opens and the orientation of the handle when fitted and is easiest to understand by simply identifying the hand that you would most intuitively use to operate the handle. If you would naturally use your right hand to operate the handle when fitted, then it is a right-handed handle, and vice versa for left-handed handles.
Historically, handed Offset handles were more numerous due to frame designs, clearance issues and traditional aesthetics, but increasingly modern and contemporary designs utilise inline handles.
Choosing Between Locking and Non-Locking Espag Handles
It is also important to consider if it is desirable for the handle itself to be lockable. Most Espag handles are available in locking or non-locking versions. Locking variants use a key-operated cylinder built into the handle body which not only locks the handle from being opened but also mechanically prevents the espagnolette mechanism itself from being manipulated as it remains fixed by the immobile spindle, providing additional security and often meeting stipulated insurance or building regulation requirements in some cases. Non-locking versions are typically used in low-risk areas or commercial settings where security is less critical.
Finding the Perfect Espag Handle Finish
In terms of appearance, Espagnolette handles are available in a wide range of colours and finishes to suit contemporary and traditional window styles. White, black, chrome, satin silver, anthracite grey, and gold remain the most common finishes in the UK market. The handles themselves are usually manufactured from die-cast zinc, aluminium, or composite materials with powder-coated or plated finishes for corrosion resistance.
Fixing Methods
Fixing a spade handle is straightforward, with most versions secured using two screws positioned at standard centres, commonly 43mm apart. These screws pass through the handle base directly into the sash profile and fix into threaded holes on the Espag mechanism itself. Correct spindle length is critical during installation, as an oversized spindle can prevent proper locking operation, while an undersized spindle may fail to reach the gearbox.
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Cockspur Window Handles
Cockspur Handles are typically associated with older uPVC, timber, and aluminium windows, especially systems manufactured before the previously mentioned espagnolette locking became standard.
Unlike Espag handles, Cockspur handles do not operate a gearbox through a spindle. Instead, they use a nose or spur which locks over a wedge or striker fitted to the frame.
The locking element is therefore integrated into the handle design itself. Due to the locking spur being present on either the left or right side of the handle, Cockspur handles are by their nature handed. The handing of a Cockspur handle is again easiest to understand by simply identifying the hand that you would most intuitively use to operate the handle, and both locking and non-locking options are available for most models. Colour choices for Cockspur handles traditionally centred around white, black, brown, and gold finishes, although modern replacements are also available in other finishes.
Fixing Methods: Cockspur Handles
One important consideration with Cockspur handles is step height, which refers to the distance between the underside of the handle spur and the base of the fixing plate. Installers must measure this accurately when replacing a handle, as an incorrect step height will prevent secure engagement with the wedge or strike plate. Fixing is generally achieved using two screws directly through the handle base into the sash material.
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Tilt Before Turn Window Handles
Tilt-before-turn handles are commonly fitted to specialist window systems that offer controlled ventilation by tilt opening as well as conventional hinged opening. These handles are particularly popular in commercial buildings, apartments, schools, and high-rise developments where Tilt Before Turn (or TBT) hardware is commonplace.
The handle mechanism allows the window to tilt vertically inward for ventilation or, alternatively, can be fully opened in the turn position. Because of these two options for opening, the handle will allow for more than one opening position to control the operation of the window.
Often the handles will allow locking in the various positions, for example, at the 3 o’clock, 6 o’clock and 9 o’clock positions. For this reason, it is essential a compatible TBT-specific handle is used and not a standard ESPAG handle where this hardware exists.
TBT handles are generally non-handed because the mechanism determines the operation sequence rather than the physical orientation of the grip. However, the window gearing itself may still be specific to left- or right-opening configurations.
Locking versions are common in tilt-before-turn applications due to safety requirements and restricted access regulations. Many designs include push-button release systems or key-locking functionality to control operation and prevent unauthorised full opening.
The TBT handles will generally be more substantial in appearance with bulkier proportions and larger mounting base plates and fixings to cope with the increased operational force required by the gearing systems. White, silver, black, and stainless-steel finishes are widely used, particularly in commercial specifications where clean, modern aesthetics are preferred.
Fixing Methods: Tilt-Before-Turn Handles
Fixing methods are similar to ESPAG handles, generally using concealed screws beneath a cover cap. These screws can be spaced and arranged differently from handle to handle, and it is therefore essential to measure the fixing screws to ensure suitability when selecting a replacement. The handle usually connects to the internal gearing system via a square spindle, making spindle length and gearbox compatibility important during replacement work. Some manufacturers like Schuco use unique threaded fixing and spindle designs, and attention should be paid to recognising when a matching specialist handle will be needed.
Blade and Fork Window Handles
Blade and Fork drive handles are more specialist handle types, often found on aluminium commercial windows and certain older uPVC and steel-framed systems. Rather than using a square spindle, these handles operate locking mechanisms through a flat blade or forked drive connection that penetrates a slot in the gearbox. As the blade moves up and down, it directly drives the rail on which the locking points are mounted. Blade handles use a flat, one-piece metal tongue that inserts into the locking mechanism, while Fork drive handles use a two-pronged arrangement designed to engage a matching receiver. Because these systems vary considerably between manufacturers, installers must carefully identify the drive type and dimensions before sourcing replacements.
One of the most popular examples of these systems in earlier uPVC window construction was a system known as Cadenza. These are still in use in large numbers in double glazing systems installed during the 70s, 80s and 90s and are an important system to be aware of, as Cadenza blade and fork drive Espags and handles are now significantly dated and prone to failure.
Fixing Methods: Blade and Fork-Drive Window Handles
Fixing arrangements vary significantly depending on the manufacturer and window system. Some use visible face-fixed screws, while others employ concealed fixing plates or clip-on covers. Installers should always check fixing centres and drive dimensions carefully before installation. Blade drive handles fixed to metal windows are often bolted through from the back of the window profile to achieve a solid fixing.
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Casement Window Handles
The term 'Casement handle' can cover several styles, but it is most commonly associated with traditional timber casement windows. These handles are designed to operate simple latching or peg-stay type systems rather than modern multi-point locking mechanisms.
Handing on Casement handles again depends on the hand that the user would instinctively use to operate them. Inline versions are less common on heritage timber systems.
Casement handles are available in both locking and non-locking forms.
In period properties, non-locking fasteners may be used to preserve authenticity, with hammered iron decorative style models being popular. A major feature of Casement handles is the variety of decorative finishes available. Black antique, pewter, polished chrome, satin chrome, brass, and bronze finishes are particularly popular in heritage and cottage-style installations. Forged steel, brass, and cast iron are common materials, especially on premium timber window hardware. Modern timber windows often incorporate key-locking mechanisms for enhanced security compliance.
Fixing Methods: Casement Window Handles
Fixing methods depend on the specific design, but most Casement handles are surface-fixed directly to the timber sash using wood screws. Because timber windows can vary considerably in thickness and profile detail, careful alignment is important to ensure smooth operation and proper compression against weather seals.
Choosing the Correct Handle for Replacement or Installation
Correct identification is essential when replacing window handles. Installers must consider spindle size, fixing centres, handing, step height, and overall compatibility with the locking mechanism. While aesthetics is important, functionality and security should remain the primary considerations.
Modern replacement markets increasingly favour universal or inline designs because they simplify stockholding and installation. The TSS and VERSA ranges include some great options for neutral designs and versatile products that help with ease of stocking, and which can be utilised in a wide range of applications. However, older timber, aluminium, and steel window systems, particularly those with manufacturer-specific drive mechanisms and fixing arrangements, still rely heavily on specialist handle types that require accurate matching.
Understanding the differences between Espag, Cockspur, Tilt-before-turn, Blade and Fork drive, and traditional Casement handles allows installers to diagnose issues more efficiently, source correct replacements faster, and provide customers with secure and visually appropriate hardware solutions. For any assistance with window handle identification and selection, please contact our Technical Team on 020 8662 4010 and we will be happy to assist.
